The concept of abuse cycles began in the 1970s when psychologist Lenore Walker wrote “The Battered Woman.” The book itself detailed women who had experienced abuse and how it continued to occur. While the cycle of abuse is a good way to identify abuse in a relationship, it isn’t so cut-and-dry for everyone experiencing abuse.
Read on to find out more about the four stages of the cycle of abuse, what types of abuse there are, and what you can do to end the cycle.
The Four Stages
The cycle of abuse is split up into four stages to help people understand the common patterns of abuse that occur in relationships and why it can be so difficult for the person experiencing the abuse to leave their situation. The four stages of the cycle of abuse are:
Tension
During the tension stage, external stressors may begin to build within the abuser. External stressors could include financial problems, a bad day at work, or simply being tired. When an abusive partner feels tense because of outside factors, their frustration builds over time. They continue to grow angrier because they feel a loss of control.
The person who is the target of abuse tends to try and find ways to ease the tension to prevent an abusive episode from occurring. During this time, it is typical for the person at risk of being abused to feel anxious. They may also be overly alert or “walk on eggshells” around their partner in the hopes that they don’t do anything to “set their partner off.”
Incident
Eventually, the built up tension has to be released by the abuser to help them feel as though they have power and control again. They will then begin to engage in abusive behaviors such as:
Hurling insults or calling their partner namesThreatening to hurt their partnerTrying to control how their partner acts, dresses, cooks, etc. Commits physical or sexual acts of violence against their partnerManipulating their partner emotionally, which can take on the form of targeting their insecurities or lying and denying any wrongdoing
The abuser may also shift the blame for their behavior onto their partner. For example, if your partner becomes physically violent, they may say that it was your fault because you made them mad.
Reconciliation
The reconciliation period occurs when some time has passed after the incident and the tension begins to decrease. In many cases, the person who committed the abuse will try to make things right by offering gifts and being overly kind and loving. The reconciliation period is often referred to as a “honeymoon stage” because it mimics the beginning of a relationship when people are on their best behavior.
When the person who experienced the abuse is in this phase, the extra love and kindness from their partner triggers a reaction in their brain that releases feel-good and love hormones known as dopamine and oxytocin. This release of hormones makes them feel closer to their partner and as if things are back to normal.
Calm
During the calm stage, justifications or explanations are made to help both partners excuse the abuse. For example, an abusive partner might say they’re sorry but blame the abuse on outside factors such as their boss or work life to justify what they did.
The abuser may also deny that the abuse occurred or that it was as bad as it was. In some cases, the abuser may throw some accusations towards the person that was abused to try to convince them that it was their fault. However, in most cases, the abuser will show remorse and promise that the abuse won’t happen again by being more loving and understanding of your needs.
Because of their convincing nature, you may believe that the incident wasn’t as bad as you thought it was, which helps to further relieve the tension surrounding the incident. Ultimately, the abuser will convince you that the abusive behavior is a thing of the past even though it’s not.
Types of Abuse
Abuse can come in many forms in a relationship. Not all abusive partners will engage in all forms of abusive behavior, but each category counts as a type and form of abuse.
Emotional
Emotional abuse, also known as mental mistreatment, is a form of abuse that abusers use to make their partners feel mentally or emotionally hurt or damaged. The intent of this abuse is to gain power and control by forcibly changing someone’s emotional state.
Some common examples of emotional abuse include:
Intimidation is an abuse tactic designed to make you fear your partner. Intimidation can come in the form of actions, gestures, or looks that evoke feelings of being scared of what your partner might do if you don’t abide. They could also break things or take your stuff away from you. Coercion is a tactic used to take your power away to convince you to act in a way that best suits the abuser. Ridiculing or making fun of youHarassmentTreating you like a childIsolating you from your friends or familyGiving you the silent treatmentYelling or swearing at you
Physical
Physical violence occurs when your partner physically injures you in some way. Some examples of physical abuse include:
Pushing or shovingSlapping or punchingChokingKickingPhysically restraining you
Verbal
Verbal abuse isn’t as straightforward as other forms of abuse but that doesn’t mean it doesn’t exist. While verbal abuse can be hard to identify, there are various types to be aware of:
Being blamed for your partners abusive behavior Being subject to mean or hurtful remarks that are meant to make you feel bad about yourself Gaslighting is an abuse tactic used to make you question your judgment or reality. An example of gaslight would be your partner telling you that they didn’t do something that you know they did to the point where you begin to question whether or not your memory of the event is true. Being judged or looked down on for not meeting your partner’s unrealistic expectations Being called names that damage your self-esteem Being refused affection or attention
Verbal and emotional abuse often overlap.
Signs of Abuse
It can be difficult to determine if someone is being abused in their relationship unless you see it first-hand. However, there are some subtle signs that can indicate abuse is occurring that you may not have noticed unless you were aware of them. They can include:
Visible injuries such as black eyes, bruises, rope marks, or weltsBroken bonesUntreated injuries that are healing at different stagesPhysical signs of restraint such as marks on the neck or wristsSudden changes in behaviorThe abuser refusing to allow anyone to see their partnerEmotional upset or agitationFeeling withdrawn from family or friends and avoiding conversations surrounding their emotional state
Ending the Cycle
It can be difficult to end the cycle of abuse, especially if your partner has convinced you that it is somehow your fault. That being said, overcoming the cycle can be done.
They gave you a mean or derogatory nickname and passed it off as endearing. Your partner uses accusatory and finite statements such as, “you never do this for me,” or “you’re always late for everything. “They call you names and try to act as if they’re joking. Your partner patronizes you by saying things such as, “aww, you tried, but you’re just not capable of this. ”They are dismissive of your feelings or other important things. Body language can typically give this away, such as rolling their eyes at you or shaking their head. Your partner uses sarcasm to disguise insults. They often say things like, “you take everything so seriously,” to help square away their abuse as light teasing. Your partner makes subtle but rude comments about the way you look. They take credit for your accomplishments. Your partner puts you down for the things you like or your hobbies.
The first step in breaking the cycle is acknowledging that there is one. Oftentimes, you will see your partner’s abusive behaviors as one-offs instead of character faults. You will also know the honeymoon periods and conclude that they are their most authentic self during the good parts of the relationship.
While it can be difficult to change this thinking pattern, you have to recognize that those honeymoon periods are just an act to help the abuser gain control.
After that, you can seek help from a professional counselor or friends and family. They will help you see the cycle of abuse you are trapped in further. During this time, you may experience several more cycles of abuse with your partner. It’s important to remember that it is not your fault.
Summary
The cycle of abuse is a four-stage cycle used to describe the way abuse sometimes occurs in relationships. The stages—tension, incident, reconciliation, and calm—repeat themselves over and over again if the abuse follows this pattern. While it can be a good indicator of abuse in many relationships, it does not take into account the way all people experience abuse from their partners.
The best way to recover from the cycle of abuse is to know the warning signs. Sometimes it can be difficult to see that you’re being abused from the inside of the relationship. Seeking help can ensure that you identify the cycle and make the necessary steps to break it.
A Word From Verywell
Millions of men and women have been abused by their partners in their lifetimes, and abusers can be hard to spot before it’s too late. If you are stuck in a cycle of abuse, the best thing you can do is seek out help.
There are many resources available on The National Coalition Against Domestic Violence’s website for both men and women to seek help. You don’t have to suffer in silence.
Bruises, black eyes, or red or purple marks on their neckApprehension, anxiety, or agitationNot getting enough sleep or sleeping too muchParticipating in activities, they wouldn’t usually, such as drug useA meek or apologetic demeanorLow self-worth or self-esteem
